Intro to Debugging

Problem Statement

When code gets larger than just a few expressions (e.g. 1+1, document.querySelector("#bio"), we need new debugging techniques. We want to ask JavaScript itself to help us. We're going to introduce one of the most essential practices for debugging here: tracing.

Objectives

1. Define tracing

2. Identify the built-in console object for debugging

3. Demonstrate console.log()

4. Demonstrate console.error()

5. Demonstrate console.warn()

6. Demonstrate console.table()

Define tracing

We've stated that console.log() can print out data to the console, but we haven't really discussed why you'd want to do that. In short, it's one of the simplest, best tools in a JavaScript programmer's debugging toolkit.

As soon as we started programming, we found to our surprise that it wasn’t as easy to get programs right as we had thought. We had to discover debugging. I can remember the exact instant when I realized that a large part of my life from then on was going to be spent in finding mistakes in my own programs. — Maurice Wilkes, 1949

Tracing is using output statements (like console.log()) to provide feedback about "what the machine is thinking." Oftentimes we request our code to behave like a machine, or like a process...

...and sometimes that process doesn't quite give us what we want. Tracing allows us to check some assumptions. Taking Liz Lemon in the picture as an example, she'd want to know:

1. Did the person who places order get my Mac N' Cheese order?

2. Did the person who receives orders get my Mac N' Cheese order?

3. Was my Mac N' Cheese order on the receipt? If not, problem happened before this point (investigate steps 1 and 2). If not, problem happened after.

4. (Judging by the fact that there are lunches on the table, clearly the order got here, was paid for, and was put on the table. No debugging needed)

5. Who opened up the box of lunch orders?

6. Did anyone in writers see my order?

7. If someone saw it, and it's not there, someone took it. If no one saw it, call restaurant to make sure they fulfilled the receipt.

We can imagine that Liz could check these steps above with code:

• Check the Object of lunchOrdersForTheWriters

• Check the value for lunchOrdersForTheWriters["liz"]

• Any writers Array element responds truthy to sawOrder("Mac N Cheese")?

Debugging the order delivery process like this is "tracing the program."

Identify The Built-in console Object For Debugging

The browser, not the JavaScript language provides an object called console. When the first Developer tools were released, only Firefox had them. Firefox chose to call the console console, but other browsers didn't have tooling at all! Over time browsers followed Firefox and rolled in tooling and have chosen to call the console console, but they didn't have to.

This console object has specific methods that send text to the DevTools logging area, which pretty much everyone calls "the console."

Demonstrate console.log()

The console object's log() method logs general information to the console. It can take any number of arguments. If more than one argument is provided, the arguments will be printed out on the same line with a space in between:

console.log('Hello,', 'world!');
// LOG: Hello, world!

Importantly, you can log not only simple things like Strings or Numbers but you can log objects and use disclosure triangles to "expand out" the contained values.

Typographical Note: When we use console.log() in code snippets, we'll preface the output statements with LOG:, such as in the above example. This is to differentiate messages logged out to the console from values returned by an expression, which are represented with =>, e.g.:

function logReturner() {
	console.log(false);

	return true;
}

logReturner();
// LOG: false
// => true

As an example, here's some code. Where might we want to log information to debug this simple app?

let number = 10;

function addTwoNumbers(a, b) {
	a + b;
}

function multiplyByTwo(n) {
	number * 2;
}

console.log(multiplyByTwo(addTwoNumbers(1, 3))); //=> undefined(?!)

• Is what we passed in what the function got?

• Is the thing the function did what we expected it to do?

• Does the operator work like we thought it did?

Try to debug this code using console.log().

To start, console.log() will be our main console debugging method. However, you'll also probably encounter the following two console methods, error() and warn().

Demonstrate console.error()

The console object's error() method is for printing out an error to the console, and it can also take multiple arguments. Most browsers will style the error message differently from a regular message output with log():

You might ask why we'd ever need to use this — isn't the goal of writing good code to avoid errors? Well, sure, but sometimes errors are out of our control: the network could go down, data could change, or a user could enter something invalid. In these cases, it's helpful to use the specialized console.error() method. That way, you're letting future engineers (including yourself) know that this message is more important than the average logged message.

TYPOGRAPHICAL NOTE: When we use console.error() in code snippets, we'll preface the output statements with ERROR: to differentiate them from other logged messages:

console.error('Uh oh, you done goofed.');
// ERROR: Uh oh, you done goofed.

Demonstrate console.warn()

A step down in severity from console.error() is console.warn(). It provides a step between a regular log() message and a more dire error() message.

Demonstrate console.table()

A very handy method to help work with Arrays is console.table():

It prints a table of entries

Conclusion

Over the course of your programming career, you'll probably spend significantly more time debugging than actually writing new code. Just as your coding skills will improve with practice, so too will your debugging skills. In fact, the Google Chrome Console Docs show additional methods on console that can format and display your code.

Debugging can sometimes make you feel sad. You'll fix one bug and ten new ones appear:

If it's any console-ation, we all make mistakes. Treat debugging as a learning opportunity. Often, looking at your code critically and trying to figure out why something isn't working will afford you a much deeper understanding of how some feature of the language actually works.

Also, sometimes difficulty debugging might hint at a program that needs some help from a mentor, a pair, or a friend. Some of our best code edits have started by talking to a friend and saying "This seems...really complicated and I can't debug it easily!"

We'll continue to use the console object and other tools throughout this course. By the end, you'll be on your way to being a debugging master!

Resources

• MDN — Console

• Wikipedia — Tracing (software)

• Nick Parlante (Stanford CS) — Debugging Zen